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Appendixes

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  • Essentials of Investments
  • About the Authors
  • Brief Contents
  • Contents
  • Organization of the Twelfth Edition
  • Pedagogical Features
  • Excel Integration
  • End-of-Chapter Features
  • Supplements
  • Acknowledgments
  • A Note from the Authors . . .
  • PART ONE: Elements of Investments
    • 1: Investments: Background and Issues
      • 1.1: Real Assets versus Financial Assets
      • 1.2: Financial Assets
      • 1.3: Financial Markets and the Economy
        • The Informational Role of Financial Markets
        • Consumption Timing
        • Allocation of Risk
        • Separation of Ownership and Management
        • Corporate Governance and Corporate Ethics
      • 1.4: The Investment Process
      • 1.5: Markets are Competitive
        • The Risk-Return Trade-off
        • Efficient Markets
      • 1.6: The Players
        • Financial Intermediaries
        • Investment Bankers
        • Venture Capital and Private Equity
        • Fintech and Financial Innovation
      • 1.7: The Financial Crisis of 2008–2009
        • Antecedents of the Crisis
        • Changes in Housing Finance
        • Mortgage Derivatives
        • Credit Default Swaps
        • The Rise of Systemic Risk
        • The Shoe Drops
        • The Dodd-Frank Reform Act
      • 1.8: Outline of the Text
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 2: Asset Classes and Financial Instruments
      • 2.1: The Money Market
        • Treasury Bills
        • Certificates of Deposit
        • Commercial Paper
        • Bankers’ Acceptances
        • Eurodollars
        • Repos and Reverses
        • Brokers’ Calls
        • Federal Funds
        • The LIBOR Market
        • Money Market Funds
        • Yields on Money Market Instruments
      • 2.2: The Bond Market
        • Treasury Notes and Bonds
        • Inflation-Protected Treasury Bonds
        • Federal Agency Debt
        • International Bonds
        • Municipal Bonds
        • Corporate Bonds
        • Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities
      • 2.3: Equity Securities
        • Common Stock as Ownership Shares
        • Characteristics of Common Stock
        • Stock Market Listings
        • Preferred Stock
        • Depositary Receipts
      • 2.4: Stock and Bond Market Indexes
        • Stock Market Indexes
        • The Dow Jones Industrial Average
        • The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index
        • Other U.S. Market Value Indexes
        • Equally Weighted Indexes
        • Foreign and International Stock Market Indexes
        • Bond Market Indicators
      • 2.5: Derivative Markets
        • Options
        • Futures Contracts
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 3: Securities Markets
      • 3.1: How Firms Issue Securities
        • Privately Held Firms
        • Publicly Traded Companies
        • Shelf Registration
        • Initial Public Offerings
      • 3.2: How Securities are Traded
        • Types of Markets
        • Types of Orders
        • Trading Mechanisms
      • 3.3: The Rise of Electronic Trading
      • 3.4: U.S. Markets
        • NASDAQ
        • The New York Stock Exchange
        • ECNs
      • 3.5: New Trading Strategies
        • Algorithmic Trading
        • High-Frequency Trading
        • Dark Pools
        • Bond Trading
      • 3.6: Globalization of Stock Markets
      • 3.7: Trading Costs
      • 3.8: Buying on Margin
      • 3.9 Short Sales
      • 3.10 Regulation of Securities Markets
        • Self-Regulation
        • The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
        • Insider Trading
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 4: Mutual Funds and Other Investment Companies
      • 4.1: Investment Companies
      • 4.2: Types Of Investment Companies
        • Unit Investment Trusts
        • Managed Investment Companies
        • Exchange-Traded Funds
        • Other Investment Organizations
      • 4.3: Mutual Funds
        • Investment Policies
        • How Funds Are Sold
      • 4.4: Costs of Investing in Mutual Funds
        • Fee Structure
        • Fees and Mutual Fund Returns
      • 4.5: Taxation of Mutual Fund Income
      • 4.6: Exchange-Traded Funds
      • 4.7: Mutual Fund Investment Performance: A First Look
      • 4.8: Information on Mutual Funds
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • PART TWO: Portfolio Theory
    • 5: Risk, Return, and the Historical Record
      • 5.1: Rates of Return
        • Measuring Investment Returns over Multiple Periods
        • Conventions for Annualizing Rates of Return
      • 5.2: Inflation and the Real Rate of Interest
        • The Equilibrium Nominal Rate of Interest
      • 5.3: Risk and Risk Premiums
        • Scenario Analysis and Probability Distributions
        • The Normal Distribution
        • Normality and the Investment Horizon
        • Deviation from Normality and Tail Risk
        • Risk Premiums and Risk Aversion
        • The Sharpe Ratio
      • 5.4: The Historical Record
        • Using Time Series of Returns
        • Risk and Return: A First Look
      • 5.5: Asset Allocation Across Risky and Risk-Free Portfolios
        • The Risk-Free Asset
        • Portfolio Expected Return and Risk
        • The Capital Allocation Line
        • Risk Aversion and Capital Allocation
      • 5.6: Passive Strategies and the Capital Market Line
        • Historical Evidence on the Capital Market Line
        • Costs and Benefits of Passive Investing
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 6: Efficient Diversification
      • 6.1: Diversification and Portfolio Risk
      • 6.2: Asset Allocation with Two Risky Assets
        • Covariance and Correlation
        • Using Historical Data
        • The Three Rules of Two-Risky-Assets Portfolios
        • The Risk-Return Trade-Off with Two-Risky-Assets Portfolios
        • The Mean-Variance Criterion
      • 6.3: The Optimal Risky Portfolio with a Risk-Free Asset
      • 6.4: Efficient Diversification with many Risky Assets
        • The Efficient Frontier of Risky Assets
        • Choosing the Optimal Risky Portfolio
        • The Preferred Complete Portfolio and a Separation Property
        • Constructing the Optimal Risky Portfolio: an Illustration
      • 6.5: A Single-Index Stock Market
        • Statistical Interpretation of the Single-Index Model
        • Learning from the Index Model
        • Using Security Analysis with the Index Model
      • 6.6: Risk Pooling, Risk Sharing, and Time Diversification
        • Time Diversification
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 7: Capital Asset Pricing and Arbitrage Pricing Theory
      • 7.1: The Capital Asset Pricing Model
        • The Model: Assumptions and Implications
        • Why All Investors Would Hold the Market Portfolio
        • The Passive Strategy Is Efficient
        • The Risk Premium of the Market Portfolio
        • Expected Returns on Individual Securities
        • The Security Market Line
        • Applications of the CAPM
      • 7.2: The Capm and Index Models
      • 7.3: How Well Does the Capm Predict Risk Premiums?
      • 7.4: Multifactor Models and the Capm
        • The Fama-French Three-Factor Model
        • Estimating a Three-Factor SML
        • Multifactor Models and the Validity of the CAPM
      • 7.5: Arbitrage Pricing Theory
        • Diversification in a Single-Index Security Market
        • Well-Diversified Portfolios
        • The Security Market Line of the APT
        • Individual Assets and the APT
        • Well-Diversified Portfolios in Practice
        • The APT and the CAPM
        • Multifactor Generalization of the APT
        • Smart Betas and Multifactor Models
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 8: The Efficient Market Hypothesis
      • 8.1: Random Walks and Efficient Markets
        • Competition as the Source of Efficiency
        • Versions of the Efficient Market Hypothesis
      • 8.2: Implications of the Emh
        • Technical Analysis
        • Fundamental Analysis
        • Active versus Passive Portfolio Management
        • The Role of Portfolio Management in an Efficient Market
        • Resource Allocation
      • 8.3: Are Markets Efficient?
        • The Issues
        • Weak-Form Tests: Patterns in Stock Returns
        • Predictors of Broad Market Returns
        • Semistrong Tests: Market Anomalies
        • Other Predictors of Stock Returns
        • Strong-Form Tests: Inside Information
        • Interpreting the Anomalies
        • Bubbles and Market Efficiency
      • 8.4: Mutual Fund and Analyst Performance
        • Stock Market Analysts
        • Mutual Fund Managers
        • So, Are Markets Efficient?
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 9: Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis
      • 9.1: The Behavioral Critique
        • Information Processing
        • Behavioral Biases
        • Limits to Arbitrage
        • Limits to Arbitrage and the Law of One Price
        • Bubbles and Behavioral Economics
        • Evaluating the Behavioral Critique
      • 9.2: Technical Analysis and Behavioral Finance
        • Trends and Corrections
        • Sentiment Indicators
        • A Warning
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • PART THREE: Debt Securities
    • 10: Bond Prices and Yields
      • 10.1: Bond Characteristics
        • Treasury Bonds and Notes
        • Corporate Bonds
        • Preferred Stock
        • Other Domestic Issuers
        • International Bonds
        • Innovation in the Bond Market
      • 10.2: Bond Pricing
        • Bond Pricing between Coupon Dates
        • Bond Pricing in Excel
      • 10.3: Bond Yields
        • Yield to Maturity
        • Yield to Call
        • Realized Compound Return versus Yield to Maturity
      • 10.4: Bond Prices Over Time
        • Yield to Maturity versus Holding-Period Return
        • Zero-Coupon Bonds and Treasury STRIPS
        • After-Tax Returns
      • 10.5: Default Risk and Bond Pricing
        • Junk Bonds
        • Determinants of Bond Safety
        • Bond Indentures
        • Yield to Maturity and Default Risk
        • Credit Default Swaps
      • 10.6: The Yield Curve
        • The Expectations Theory
        • The Liquidity Preference Theory
        • A Synthesis
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 11: Managing Bond Portfolios
      • 11.1: Interest Rate Risk
        • Interest Rate Sensitivity
        • Duration
        • What Determines Duration?
      • 11.2: Passive Bond Management
        • Immunization
        • Cash Flow Matching and Dedication
      • 11.3: Convexity
        • Why Do Investors Like Convexity?
      • 11.4: Active Bond Management
        • Sources of Potential Profit
        • Horizon Analysis
        • An Example of a Fixed-Income Investment Strategy
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • PART FOUR: Security Analysis
    • 12: Macroeconomic and Industry Analysis
      • 12.1: The Global Economy
      • 12.2: The Domestic Macroeconomy
        • Gross Domestic Product
        • Employment
        • Inflation
        • Interest Rates
        • Budget Deficit
        • Sentiment
      • 12.3: Interest Rates
      • 12.4: Demand and Supply Shocks
      • 12.5: Federal Government Policy
        • Fiscal Policy
        • Monetary Policy
        • Supply-Side Policies
      • 12.6: Business Cycles
        • The Business Cycle
        • Economic Indicators
        • Other Indicators
      • 12.7: Industry Analysis
        • Defining an Industry
        • Sensitivity to the Business Cycle
        • Sector Rotation
        • Industry Life Cycles
        • Industry Structure and Performance
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 13: Equity Valuation
      • 13.1: Valuation by Comparables
        • Limitations of Book Value
      • 13.2: Intrinsic Value Versus Market Price
      • 13.3: Dividend Discount Models
        • The Constant-Growth DDM
        • Stock Prices and Investment Opportunities
        • Life Cycles and Multistage Growth Models
        • Multistage Growth Models
      • 13.4: Price–Earnings Ratios
        • The Price–Earnings Ratio and Growth Opportunities
        • P/E Ratios and Stock Risk
        • Pitfalls in P/E Analysis
        • The Cyclically Adjusted P/E Ratio
        • Combining P/E Analysis and the DDM
        • Other Comparative Valuation Ratios
      • 13.5: Free Cash Flow Valuation Approaches
        • Comparing the Valuation Models
        • The Problem with DCF Models
      • 13.6: The Aggregate Stock Market
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 14: Financial Statement Analysis
      • 14.1: The Major Financial Statements
        • The Income Statement
        • The Balance Sheet
        • The Statement of Cash Flows
      • 14.2: Measuring Firm Performance
      • 14.3: Profitability Measures
        • Return on Assets
        • Return on Capital
        • Return on Equity
        • Financial Leverage and ROE
        • Economic Value Added
      • 14.4: Ratio Analysis
        • Decomposition of ROE
        • Turnover and Asset Utilization
        • Liquidity Ratios
        • Market Price Ratios
        • Choosing a Benchmark
      • 14.5: An Illustration of Financial Statement Analysis
      • 14.6: Comparability Problems
        • Inventory Valuation
        • Depreciation
        • Inflation and Interest Expense
        • Fair Value Accounting
        • Quality of Earnings and Accounting Practices
        • International Accounting Conventions
      • 14.7: Value Investing: The Graham Technique
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • PART FIVE: Derivative Markets
    • 15: Options Markets
      • 15.1: The Option Contract
        • Options Trading
        • American versus European Options
        • The Option Clearing Corporation
        • Other Listed Options
      • 15.2: Values of Options at Expiration
        • Call Options
        • Put Options
        • Options versus Stock Investments
      • 15.3: Option Strategies
      • 15.4: Optionlike Securities
        • Callable Bonds
        • Convertible Securities
        • Warrants
        • Collateralized Loans
        • Leveraged Equity and Risky Debt
      • 15.5: Exotic Options
        • Asian Options
        • Currency-Translated Options
        • Digital Options
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 16: Option Valuation
      • 16.1: Option Valuation: Introduction
        • Intrinsic and Time Values
        • Determinants of Option Values
      • 16.2: Binomial Option Pricing
        • Two-State Option Pricing
        • Generalizing the Two-State Approach
        • Making the Valuation Model Practical
      • 16.3: Black-Scholes Option Valuation
        • The Black-Scholes Formula
        • The Put-Call Parity Relationship
        • Put Option Valuation
      • 16.4: Using the Black-Scholes Formula
        • Hedge Ratios and the Black-Scholes Formula
        • Portfolio Insurance
        • Option Pricing and the Financial Crisis
      • 16.5: Empirical Evidence
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 17: Futures Markets and Risk Management
      • 17.1: The Futures Contract
        • The Basics of Futures Contracts
        • Existing Contracts
      • 17.2: Trading Mechanics
        • The Clearinghouse and Open Interest
        • Marking to Market and the Margin Account
        • Cash versus Actual Delivery
        • Regulations
        • Taxation
      • 17.3: Futures Market Strategies
        • Hedging and Speculation
        • Basis Risk and Hedging
      • 17.4: Futures Prices
        • Spot-Futures Parity
        • Spreads
      • 17.5: Financial Futures
        • Stock-Index Futures
        • Foreign Exchange Futures
        • Interest Rate Futures
      • 17.6: Swaps
        • Swaps and Balance Sheet Restructuring
        • The Swap Dealer
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • PART SIX: Active Investment Management
    • 18: Evaluating Investment Performance
      • 18.1: The Conventional Theory of Performance Evaluation
        • Average Rates of Return
        • Time-Weighted Returns versus Dollar-Weighted Returns
        • Adjusting Returns for Risk
        • Risk-Adjusted Performance Measures
        • The Sharpe Ratio for Overall Portfolios
        • The Treynor Ratio
        • The Information Ratio
        • The Role of Alpha in Performance Measures
        • Implementing Performance Measurement: An Example
        • Selection Bias and Portfolio Evaluation
      • 18.2: Style Analysis
      • 18.3: Morningstar’s Risk-Adjusted Rating
      • 18.4: Performance Measurement with Changing Portfolio Composition
      • 18.5: Market Timing
        • The Potential Value of Market Timing
        • Valuing Market Timing as a Call Option
        • The Value of Imperfect Forecasting
      • 18.6: Performance Attribution Procedures
        • Asset Allocation Decisions
        • Sector and Security Selection Decisions
        • Summing Up Component Contributions
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 19: International Diversification
      • 19.1: Global Markets for Equities
        • Developed Countries
        • Emerging Markets
        • Market Capitalization and GDP
        • Home-Country Bias
      • 19.2: Exchange Rate Risk and International Diversification
        • Exchange Rate Risk
        • Imperfect Exchange Rate Risk Hedging
        • Investment Risk in International Markets
        • International Diversification
        • Are Benefits from International Diversification Preserved in Bear Markets?
      • 19.3: Political Risk
      • 19.4: International Investing and Performance Attribution
        • Constructing a Benchmark Portfolio of Foreign Assets
        • Performance Attribution
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 20: Hedge Funds
      • 20.1: Hedge Funds versus Mutual Funds
      • 20.2: Hedge Fund Strategies
        • Directional versus Nondirectional Strategies
        • Statistical Arbitrage
        • High-Frequency Strategies
      • 20.3: Portable Alpha
        • An Example of a Pure Play
      • 20.4: Style Analysis for Hedge Funds
      • 20.5: Performance Measurement for Hedge Funds
        • Liquidity and Hedge Fund Performance
        • Hedge Fund Performance and Selection Bias
        • Hedge Fund Performance and Changing Factor Loadings
        • Tail Events and Hedge Fund Performance
      • 20.6: Fee Structure in Hedge Funds
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 21: Taxes, Inflation, and Investment Strategy
      • 21.1: Taxes and Investment Returns
        • Equity, Debt, and Tax Deferral
        • Tax-Protected Retirement Plans
        • Deferred Annuities
        • Sheltered versus Unsheltered Savings
      • 21.2: Saving for the Long Run
        • A Hypothetical Household
        • The Retirement Annuity
      • 21.3: Accounting for Inflation
        • A Real Savings Plan
        • An Alternative Savings Plan
      • 21.4: Accounting for Taxes
      • 21.5: Tax Shelters and the Savings Plan
        • A Benchmark Tax Shelter
        • The Effect of the Progressive Nature of the Tax Code
        • Roth Accounts with the Progressive Tax Code
      • 21.6: Social Security
      • 21.7: Home Ownership: The Rent-Versus-Buy Decision
      • 21.8: Uncertain Longevity and Other Contingencies
      • End-of-Chapter Material
    • 22: Investors and the Investment Process
      • 22.1: The Investment Management Process
      • 22.2: Investor Objectives
        • Individual Investors
        • Professional Investors
      • 22.3: Investor Constraints
        • Liquidity
        • Investment Horizon
        • Regulations
        • Tax Considerations
        • Unique Needs
      • 22.4: Investment Policies
        • Taxes and Investment Policies for Individual Investors
        • Top-Down Policies for Institutional Investors
        • Active versus Passive Policies
      • 22.5: Monitoring and Revising Investment Portfolios
      • End-of-Chapter Material
  • Appendixes
  • Index
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